Advanced Manufacturing plays a critical role in the Aeronautics and Space industries, driving innovation in manufacturing technologies, materials, and operational efficiencies. This session serves as a platform for academics, researchers and industry professionals to exchange ideas, share experiences, and discuss emerging trends and challenges shaping the future of these industries. We welcome innovative contributions from researchers, engineers, and industry leaders working on cutting-edge manufacturing processes, high-performance materials, and integrated systems that will drive the future of aeronautics and space exploration. Topics of Interest include but are not limited to:

• Aerospace and Space Manufacturing and Assembly Technologies for Metallic and Composite (such as Forging, Forming, Machining, Additive manufacturing, Jointing, Laminating)
• Hybrid Manufacturing Approaches
• Manufacturing Systems and Production Lines
• Industry 4.0 and 5.0 (such as Digitalisation and Digital Twins, Autonomy, Human-Centric Approaches)
• Advanced High-performance Materials Processing Techniques

The aviation industry is at a turning point, where integrating innovative design, manufacturing and digitalization is crucial for sustainability. This series of projects tackles key challenges in aircraft design and production, focusing on reducing environmental impact and improving efficiency. Within this session we want to present our research projects and which achievements can also be implemented in other areas:

The GECO (Galley Efficient Catering Operations) project reduces aircraft galley energy consumption by 50% and uses bio-based, recyclable materials, making cabins more sustainable and efficient.
The Aerospace-X project addresses regulatory challenges like Product Passports and supply chain balance by creating a data space for standardized information exchange, improving sustainability across the industry.

MBSE to VR connects CAD models with toolchains for rapid customer feedback and design iteration, enabling faster, cost-effective customization.
DPP (Digital Product Passports) promotes circularity by supporting the digital infrastructure for standardized data exchange, helping ensure regulatory compliance and sustainability, particularly for batteries.

GECO & AUTOPILOT combine sustainable design with flexible manufacturing. GECO focuses on energy-efficient galleys, while AUTOPILOT enhances manufacturing through transformable production cells, showing how sustainability can be integrated at all stages.
AI & Digital Networking connects processes across design, manufacturing, and supply chain data exchange. AI improves efficiency and decision-making, advancing a more sustainable aerospace ecosystem.

These sessions cover key topics such as Sustainability in Aerospace, Materials and Structures, Aerostructures Manufacturing, Aircraft Design and Regulations and Policies. Together they demonstrate how digitalization, AI and sustainable practices are transforming aviation.
By integrating these innovations, we aim to foster collaboration and drive a more sustainable, efficient and technologically advanced aerospace industry.

This session will focus on the topic of artificial intelligence (AI) in space.

AI in space is very broadly diversified.

Furthermore, the impact of AI in space is now more important than ever. While past AI applications in aerospace have been limited to rule-based expert systems and basic robotic control, current research and developments show that further AI-driven functions e.g. system autonomy, analysis and intelligent decision-making in harsh environments or more AI driven functions are also possible in the space domain.

In this session, current research and experiences in the field of AI in space will be presented.

The topics range from AI driven Autonomy, Onboard AI application, Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC), Mission planning, Mapping, Digital twin, Trusted/explainable AI for space robotics, Knowledge representation, Reconfiguration, AI driven Design and Modularity, Quantum Computing, AI driven secure and robust adaptive communication), Monitoring (decision-making), Machine Learning, AI for features recognition, Hazard detection/avoidance, Remote sensing, AI aided FDIR (fault detection, isolation and recovery), Big data handling, Hybrid AI (neuro-symbolic AI) for space to Self-explaining neural networks (e.g. for FDIR).

Also in in general trusted & explainable AI for orbital & planetary robotics, which includes, AI for earth observation/weather prediction, AI-driven system state prediction, AI-powered smart debris tracking and collision avoidance for debris management (AI-based collision avoidance, rendezvous and docking), AI aided space traffic management, AI driven cognitive  data transmission for effective and robust space communication, AI based onboard data processing for edge computing, AI guided ISAM/OSAM, AI driven autonomous navigation, AI coordinated swarm robotics /AI for Lunar & Martian multi-robot cooperation, AI-Based In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) with Human in the Loop and AI for autonomous infrastructure and habitat construction.

But also, topics not mentioned here in the field of AI in space are welcome.

This section is dedicated to contributions of aerospace science to the ATM, a field in high demand for these contributions since the number of flights keeps growing, exceeding the record pre-pandemic levels. As a result of the congested airspace, we see flight delays growing. In the EUROCONTROL airspace, the average delays due to the ATM enroute capacity limitations grew to 3 minutes average per flight in 2024 compared to 2 minutes the previous year (12 months ending in September). The weather-related delays maintained at 0.2 minutes of delay per flight on average, but the unpredictability of the weather-generated ATM delays doubled (0.4 minutes from 0.2). Also, safety is impacted by airspace congestion: there have been more flight incidents, especially runway incursions. In 2024, we also had the first relevant IFR flight - UAV collision. We welcome papers on air traffic management (safety, efficiency), air transport networks, remote control, navigation systems, UAV/UAM, RPAS, drones, airport operations, aviation security, etc. This section is the right platform for disseminating the results of the SESAR projects.

This special session presents the groundbreaking results of the Horizon Europe CAELESTIS project, which concludes in October 2025. CAELESTIS has made significant strides in revolutionizing aviation design and manufacturing through the integration of virtual prototyping, innovative lightweight materials, and high-performance computing. The session will showcase our key achievements, demonstrators, and their potential impact on the future of aviation. Additionally, we will feature presentations from related Horizon Europe projects, fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange in these cutting-edge fields. Join us for an insightful exploration of how these technologies are shaping the next generation of aircraft design and production.

The session will present the Clean Aviation ODE4HERA project. The objective of ODE4HERA is to enable and accelerate the development of Hybrid-Electric Regional (HER) Architectures thanks to improved tools and techniques implemented in a transferable and Open Digital Platform. The paper outline how the ODE4HERA platform combine Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization (MDO), Simulation Data Management (SDM) and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) technologies and extend them with novel interfaces and data transformation technologies efficiently handling HER configurations complexity and including frontload verification at design stage.

This session will present intermediate results from the Clean Aviation Ultra-Performance Wing project. Sustainable aviation is a major challenge that requires technology developments in many different areas. One of the key enablers for improving aircraft efficiency and therefore reducing green-house gas is drag reduction by an increased wing aspect ratio. The UP Wing project will validate, down select, mature and demonstrate key technologies and provide the architectural integration of high aspect ratio wing concepts for targeted Short/Medium Range aircraft (SMR). The multidisciplinary approach includes disciplines like aerodynamics, aeroelastics, structural and systems design, overall aircraft integration, associated computational methods and design tools and testing. The session will invite papers on the design, modelling, analysis, testing, validation, manufacturing and assembly of all the relevant technologies that are involved in the development of these advanced high-aspect ratio wings.     

A description will be provided soon

This initial address serves as introduction to the 2 sessions at EASN 2025 dedicated to the EU project EFACA: Environmentally Friendly Aviation for All Classes of Aircraft. The project has 3 levels: (i) experimental demonstrations of clean aviation technologies; (ii) technologies for green aircraft design; (iii) roadmap to meet aviation environmental targets.

Concerning (i) 3 clean aviation technologies are demonstrated at laboratory level TRL 3: (paper 2) a gearbox combing a 550 HP gas turbine and 100 HP electric motor driving a 700 HP 7-blade propeller; (paper 3) a novel phase change cooling system for hydrogen fuel cells reducing heat losses and increasing performance at altitude; (paper 4) a complete liquid hydrogen fuel system, including hydrogen liquefier, cryogenic tank and fuel lines, and vaporizer and combustor.

Concerning (ii) green aircraft design: (paper 5) selection of 1 out of 4 designs for 80-seat 1000nm regional airliner with hybrid turboelectric propulsion combining turboprop and hydrogen fuel cell; (paper 6) choice of 1 out of 6 designs for 150-seat 2000 nm range liquid hydrogen fueled jetliner; (paper 7) battery technologies for propulsion of small aircraft and electricity supply of large aircraft; (paper 8) feedstocks, production paths and volumes and costs of stynfuels (SAF: synthetic aviation fuels) including biofuels and e- fuels for long range airliners.

Concerning (iii) the roadmap for greening of aviation: (paper 9) reduction of emissions of all types, including carbon, nitrogen and sulphur oxides, aerosols, particles and contrails; (paper 10) reduction of noise in air and ground airport operations; (paper 11) strategies towards Fit55 and Net Zero 2050 environmental targets.

In the Session I the presentation of papers 1-6 is followed by an 20-minute discussion period, and the Session II with papers 7-11 is concluded with a 40-minute exchange of views with the audience on the prospects for greening of aviation.

This initial address serves as introduction to the 2 sessions at EASN 2025 dedicated to the EU project EFACA: Environmentally Friendly Aviation for All Classes of Aircraft. The project has 3 levels: (i) experimental demonstrations of clean aviation technologies; (ii) technologies for green aircraft design; (iii) roadmap to meet aviation environmental targets.

Concerning (i) 3 clean aviation technologies are demonstrated at laboratory level TRL 3: (paper 2) a gearbox combing a 550 HP gas turbine and 100 HP electric motor driving a 700 HP 7-blade propeller; (paper 3) a novel phase change cooling system for hydrogen fuel cells reducing heat losses and increasing performance at altitude; (paper 4) a complete liquid hydrogen fuel system, including hydrogen liquefier, cryogenic tank and fuel lines, and vaporizer and combustor.

Concerning (ii) green aircraft design: (paper 5) selection of 1 out of 4 designs for 80-seat 1000nm regional airliner with hybrid turboelectric propulsion combining turboprop and hydrogen fuel cell; (paper 6) choice of 1 out of 6 designs for 150-seat 2000 nm range liquid hydrogen fueled jetliner; (paper 7) battery technologies for propulsion of small aircraft and electricity supply of large aircraft; (paper 8) feedstocks, production paths and volumes and costs of stynfuels (SAF: synthetic aviation fuels) including biofuels and e- fuels for long range airliners.

Concerning (iii) the roadmap for greening of aviation: (paper 9) reduction of emissions of all types, including carbon, nitrogen and sulphur oxides, aerosols, particles and contrails; (paper 10) reduction of noise in air and ground airport operations; (paper 11) strategies towards Fit55 and Net Zero 2050 environmental targets.

In the Session I the presentation of papers 1-6 is followed by an 20-minute discussion period, and the Session II with papers 7-11 is concluded with a 40-minute exchange of views with the audience on the prospects for greening of aviation.

A description will be provided soon

The transition to 100% renewable energy is essential to pave the way towards climate neutral aviation. Major challenges of such a fundamental transition are sustainability at scale, circularity, climate impact and economic viability. While bio-based fuels allow an early ramp-up of substituting fossil kerosene, the transition will require a shift towards radical approaches such as renewable fuels of non-biological origin. The session will address innovative energy and fuel pathways in a multiple-criteria view for the European aerospace sector to evolve toward environmental, economic, and social sustainability.     

New operational concepts, methods and processes related to the design of airspace and its flexible management to improve its performance mainly in terms of capacity, flight efficiency and environment.

Theoretical studies, analysis and/or simulation results aimed at improving airspace management would be welcome.

The modern and modernised aircraft are equipped with new avionics whose importance is constantly increasing. Its extensive development created new capabilities for crewed and uncrewed aircraft to perform new missions at a high level of automation or autonomy.

The crucial to modern aircraft are onboard sensors and systems. They are dedicated to navigation, particularly in GNSS denied environment, flight control, surveillance, object recognition, and monitoring. They can be: electric, mechanical, optical, magnetic, MEMs and different electromagnetic spectrums sensing. These systems can work independently or in complicated hierarchical structures.

This session is dedicated to onboard sensors and systems, and data fusion. In addition, the papers on designing, optimising, researching, testing, and the lessons learned from the virtual and real-life tests are welcomed.

The session is the best platform to share ideas recognise new trends and know the experts' opinions.

Sending humans to space requires a series of technologies that are not necessarily needed for other space missions. A habitat and a Life Support System (LSS) are the first elements required for human survival in space. The design of the habitat should consider among others radiation protection, safety measures and human factors. The LSS will require technologies able to recycle human waste to produce fresh oxygen, water and food for the astronauts. This recycling can be complemented with In-Situ Resources Utilization (ISRU), for missions on the lunar or planetary surfaces. The materials in-situ can also serve as construction materials or to produce fuel for the return vehicle. For activities outside of the spacecraft the crew needs spacesuits to protect them from the environment. All these technologies will be crucial for long-term human spaceflight exploration.

This session is dedicated to one of the most rapidly advancing fields in modern aviation: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). UAVs range from small-scale aerial platforms weighing just a few kilograms to large systems with a Gross Takeoff Weight (GTOW) of several tonnes capable of executing diverse missions with increased effectiveness and efficiency compared to crewed aircraft. In the 21st century, UAVs have firmly established their presence in global Aviation, leading to a substantial rise in dedicated research efforts from both academia and industry.

Authors are invited to present their research on UAV-related topics focused on (but not limited to):

• fixed-wing UAV layout design & aerodynamics
• flow control techniques
• alternative energy sources & energy methods
• structures and materials
• airworthiness
• sensors
• optimization methods

The aeronautical sector requires the development of innovative technologies to meet industrial needs and environmental goals to achieve clean aviation. 

The use of thermosetting composites in aircraft increases the efficiency of air transport and significantly reduces the weight of aeronautical structures. Nevertheless, future aviation should be more competitive, environmentally friendly, and safe. To this end, it is crucial to develop structural materials from a sustainable perspective, focusing on the possibility of using bio-based materials, recyclable structural composites, and efficient energy-saving processes.

This session focuses on new strategies for increasing the sustainability of aeronautical composites, matching the Principles of Green Chemistry and those of Process Green Engineering. It also includes contributions toward integrating smart functions in composite materials, preserving the weight reduction of aeronautical structures.

The topic of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is gaining importance and interest in the aviation sector.
LCA is more and more included in projects and seen as topic for research at all levels, from academic to applied. 

This session wants to be a moment of exchange for LCA practitioners involved with aviation use-cases.
Contributions to this session can include:

• LCA studies on aviation use cases (e.g. aircraft, aircraft components)
• LCA studies on Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs)
• Methodologies for LCA tailored to the aviation sector (e.g. modelling approaches, LCIA methods for contrails/cirrus clouds)
• Discussions on gaps in LCA in aviation
• The role of LCA in policy, regulation and decision-making
• Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (e.g. Life Cycle Costing, Social LCA, noise impact)

Greenhouse gases emissions modify the radiative balance of the Earth, causing changes in its climate. Climate Change is considered one of the greatest threats to economic and social stability. Aviation is responsible for around a 2.5% of greenhouse gases emissions. This contribution is steadily increasing, hence the interest of assessing the impacts that different policies might have on it. The simple feedback model proposed here was intended as a tool in order to investigate the stabilization issue. The model was based on the relationship between the number of air traffic passengers and the associated CO2 emissions. It incorporated a representation of the feedback of the technological innovation on the emissions rate and of those of the socioeconomic response to the climatic impact on the passengers number.

The first study presents the model parameters were estimated using data from a variety of robust air traffic sources. It was found that neither of the feedback terms succeeded at stabilizing the emissions, although they might slow down their growth. Therefore, a nonlinear version of the model includes a representation of the passengers perception of insecurity, similar to the one experienced in the recent pandemic. This model favours the stability of both, the number of passengers and CO2 emissions, and it would be able to control unprecedented situations.

In a second study, we introduce a sensitivity analysis of modelled CO2 aviation emissions to changes in the model parameters, which is intended as a contribution to the understanding of the atmospheric composition stabilization issue. The two variable dynamic model incorporates the effects of the technological innovations on the emissions rate, the environmental feedback, and a non-linear control term on the passengers rate.  The results of two global sensitivity analyses indicated that the influence of the non-linear term prevailed on the passengers number rate, followed distantly by the environmental feedback. For the emissions rate, the non-linear term contribution dominated, with the technological term influence placing second.

A third study tackles different aspects of the emissions stabilization issue. Different possible management options can be designed, based on the characteristics of the solutions of the system and the optimization of the parameter of the control term: i) maintaining the present number of passengers, ii) maintaining the present level of emissions, or iii) diverting the system to the next equilibrium point while keeping the oscillation amplitude at its minimum value. Each of these options leads to a different structure of growth or reduction of passengers and/or emissions that can be derived from the model results. The third option seems especially novel and promising, since only the short distance flight passengers number are severely reduced; those of the long distance and international ones are allowed to grow while their emissions would drop below the 50 % value of their current rate. 

Moreover, in a scenario of slow growth of air traffic (compared with historical records), as was the one seen in the last twenty years, these rates are improved, with less reductions in short distance passengers number and more in long distance and international flight emissions.

This session is open to all applications of all NDT methods (including but not limited to ultrasonic, acoustic emission, X-ray, thermography, eddy current, etc.) and SHM methods on any structures/components/systems made of different materials, including but not limited to metals, composites, 3D printed materials, etc. Presentations on novel applications of NDT/SHM of various aircraft structures/components/systems are expected. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, damage detection, identification, and localization, modelling/simulation, signal processing, and various practical applications.

The goal of the session would be to reflect on the envisioned role of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) in the net zero ambition of industry and policy-makers, to take stock of current and near-term production ramp-up of SAF, and compare it to the needed SAF volumes to achieve decarbonization goals and ambitions. Main enablers and roadblocks for accelerated SAF ramp-up are to be discussed.

This session explores the latest developments in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) within the aeronautics industry, focusing on the transition from raw sensor data to actionable condition-based maintenance (CBM) strategies. 

Presenters will highlight cutting-edge innovations in defect detection, identification, and localization, along with damage progression models, life prediction techniques, and predictive modeling that enable real-time assessment of aircraft structural integrity. Topics may include, but are not limited to, the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence for predictive maintenance, the challenges of managing large-scale sensor networks, and the role of digital twins in optimizing aircraft lifecycle management. 

The session aims to bridge the gap between research advancements and practical implementation, offering insights for engineers, researchers, and industry professionals working to enhance aeronautical systems reliability and performance.

The safety topic covers new approaches and methodologies for safety risk management, including innovative tools for safety analysis and risk identification. This topic will also explore advanced strategies to enhance airspace safety, such as data-driven decision-making, the integration of emerging technologies, and the management of human factors in complex operational environments.

Modern trends in services and the need to accommodate for the increasing connectivity demand is actually pushing satellite front-end electronics towards higher operating frequencies and larger bandwidths. Performances required, often conflicting with time-to-market, volumes and costs, pose major challenges, both at system and electronics level.

The session aims to showcase recent results and demonstrators towards effective and challenging solutions.

Single Pilot Operations (SPO) are emerging as an important paradigm aiming to support operational costs reduction, in particular for smaller vehicles, such as CS-23 ones, but also for larger commercial aircraft. This paradigm can represent a valuable support towards increasing the economic efficiency of air transport, for instance over a regional range, in particular for cargo applications but also, over longer target time horizon, for passengers. This driver is further supported by new entrants such as short-range electric aircraft, where the operational costs are expected to be lower than corresponding fuel powered vehicles, pushing for reduction in crew that does not only correspond to costs reduction but also to weight reduction, which is crucial for electrically powered vehicles. From a technological point of view, the introduction of single pilot operations requires a significant increase of onboard automation, in order to avoid overloading the single pilot, while at the same time requiring the presence of onboard systems able to detect and manage possible events of pilot incapacitation. In addition, in order to appropriately enable and effectively exploit the single pilot paradigm, dedicated cockpit design is needed and safety aspects considerations are crucial. Relevant research activities in this domain are developed in the framework of international programmes, covering one or more of the above indicated aspects. This session aims constituting an opportunity to provide the description of the research activities that are ongoing on the addressed topics, stimulating discussion and cross-fertilization and emphasizing the main challenges and opportunities.

The topics under the scope of the session cover the whole spectrum of Single Pilot Operations (SPO) technologies and related concepts, including: innovations in cockpit and avionics, automation and autonomy, ATC/ATM procedures, self-separation and collision avoidance, mission management, decision making support to the pilot, power management systems, health monitoring systems, emergency management systems, remote piloting, operational scenarios, safety and regulations

Current and future developments in space robotics can be presented in this session.

This also includes technologies that have already been used in planetary or orbital environments.

The topics range from the use of robotic systems for future planetary exploration involving robotic mobility, manipulation, multi-robot cooperation, modularity, sustainability, sampling, and astronaut assistance. 

This includes all aspects of these robotic systems like design, development, implementation, operation as well as the use of artificial intelligence (AI). Also, research prototypes as well as fielded or flown systems are of interest.

Topics of on-going and future missions involving in-space robotic systems and operations, to include On-Orbit Servicing, Active Debris Removal, Assembly, and Astronaut Assistance are also welcome.

This includes designs and methods to accomplish robotic tasks in orbit, such as mobility, manipulation, assembly or maintenance. 

Specific aspects can be addressed, such as hardware design, open-loop or closed-loop control, rendezvous trajectory generation, autonomy, teleoperation, experimental facilities on the ground, modularity, sustainability, or others of relevance.

The aim of the session is to discuss ideas and methodologies to include sustainability and circularity in the design process in aviation on the example of selected contributions, as well as new design trends.

In particular, the subjects of interest include, but are not limited to:

• Progress on sustainability-driven design
• Multi-criteria optimisation approaches to assess sustainability and circularity
• Practical applications of sustainability as assessment and design criterion
• Circularity performance in aviation
• Link between design and end of life

SynTrac TRR 364  is a cross-location and interdisciplinary research network founded by the German Research Foundation dissolving traditionally rigid hierarchies and priorities of current aircraft development to unleash synergies of highly integrated transport aircraft. The main pillars of this integration are Boundary Layer Ingestion (BLI), Distributed Propulsion (DP), the combination of thrust generation and aircraft control as well as the various aspects of the integration of the propulsion systems in the airframe. The synergies result from physical processes and phenomena at the various interfaces between aircraft and propulsion systems, which are investigated in the individual projects. The comprehensive evaluation of synergies and the optimally balanced application of the principles require a consistent cross-disciplinary and cross-system view of the entire aircraft. To realise such a holistic Systems Engineering (SE) approach, great attention has to be paid to the parameterisation and information processing. For the integration of high-fidelity methods, tools and data formats SynTrac develops new approaches. At the same time, SynTrac is committed to training a new generation of engineers who are optimally prepared for future research and development environments in which the boundaries between disciplines will be fluid and in which they must be competent and capable of dialog in highly complex situations. Since the fundamental research of SynTrac has a high social impactl, it is important to communicate to a broad public the challenges involved and to enter into a veritable dialogue with the broader public.

The goal of this event is to show our progress on the project EESF. It pursues to develops educational resources for the engineering students in order to acquire the needed skills and competences, responding to SDG 4.7 and the EU Green Deal's call for equipping learners with sustainable development skills by 2030.

The integration of sustainability into engineering education is an essential step towards preparing future engineers who are capable of leading us towards a more sustainable world. By embedding these principles into their educational journey, students are empowered to innovate and create with sustainability at the forefront of their minds, ensuring that the engineering feats of tomorrow are built on a foundation of ecological and social responsibility.

This is especially important for the aerospace engineering profession, as it is fully aware on the need to incorporate sustainability in its processes. This incorporation is currently in progress, being the initiatives that the UPM and specifically the ETSIAE is performing in this regard. 

Being aware on this importance, the EESF project was created. This is a co-funded project by the European Commission under the Erasmus + programme. Its activities have the main goal to provide educators with resources to help embed these sustainable-related skills and competences on engineering students.

Our research activities lead to release two reports assessing current sustainability teaching and highlighting effective practices, ultimately enhancing the integration of sustainability into engineering education.

This follows to the development of Open Educational resources (OERs) which aims to provide engineering educators with the tools and skills to integrate SDGs into their teaching, enhancing existing curricula. We hope that these resources resul ton boosting educator confidence and student understanding of sustainability challenges.

In this session we present the progress on the work of these activities and to particularize in the case of aerospace engineering education.

This session focuses on recent innovations and solutions in thermal management for hybrid and fully electric propulsion systems, addressing a key challenge in the full realization of electrified aviation. Case studies from aerospace and automotive applications illustrated real-world implementations and challenges would be presented. The session aimed at providing insights into current and future research directions and industry trends.

The subjects of interest include, but are not limited to:

• Overall thermal management system design and analysis
• Heat dissipation strategies and heat exchangers
• Electric motor and power electronic cooling
• Fuel cell cooling
• Battery cooling
• Cryogenic cooling